Philosophy of science
Philosophy of science is a sub-field of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultima ...
Social science
Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of human societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of society", esta ...
Natural science
Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findi ...
Engineering physics
Engineering physics, or engineering science, refers to the study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics, biology, social science, and engineering, particularly computer, nuclear, electrical, electronic, aerospace, materials or mechan ...
1769 in science
Jeremiah Dixon and William Bayly in northern Norway, Dixon at Hammerfest and Bayly at North Cape Members of the American Philosophical Society at three locations Guillaume Le Gentil in Pondicherry, India: Le Gentil had hoped to go to Manila in th ...
1832 in science
Dr. Thomas Bell begins publication of A Monograph of the Testudinata, the first comprehensive study of the worlds turtles. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire begins publication of Histoire generale et particuliere des anomalies de l’organisation chez ...
1844 in science
July 3 – The last definitely recorded pair of great auks Pinguinus impennis are killed on the Icelandic island of Eldey. Joseph Dalton Hooker begins publication of The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror. 1839 ...
1899 in science
The 80 cm refracting telescope is completed at Potsdam Observatory. December 2 – During the new moon, a near-grand conjunction of the classical planets and several binocular Solar System bodies occur. The Sun, Moon, Mercury, Mars and Saturn are a ...
1941 in science
George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum publish "Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora" which shows that specific genes code for specific proteins. John William Field develops Field stain to detect malarial parasites.
1993 in science
The first definite asteroid moon is confirmed when the Galileo probe discovers Dactyl orbiting 243 Ida. December 2 – STS-61 is launched. This Space Shuttle mission to the Hubble Space Telescope HST installs corrective optics, plus upgrades, that ...
1806 in science
Pierre Andre Latreille begins publication in France of Genera crustaceorum et insectorum, secundum ordinem naturalem ut familias disposita. Publication begins in London of the Flora Graeca collected by John Sibthorp.
1857 in science
Carl Wilhelm Siemens patented the Siemens cycle. August Kekule proposes that carbon is tetravalent, or forms exactly four chemical bonds. Robert Bunsen invents apparatus for measuring effusion.
1879 in science
British childrens writer and amateur astronomer Agnes Giberne publishes the popular illustrated book Sun, Moon and Stars: Astronomy for Beginners which sells 24.000 copies on both sides of the Atlantic in twenty years.
1924 in science
November 23 – Edwin Hubble announces his discovery that Andromeda, previously believed to be a nebula, is actually another galaxy, and that the Milky Way is only one of many such galaxies in the universe. The Einstein Tower near Potsdam, Germany, ...
1927 in science
Fritz London and Walter Heitler apply quantum mechanics to explain covalent bonding in the hydrogen molecule, which marks the birth of quantum chemistry.
1935 in science
Eastman Kodak first market Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16 mm movie film. It has been invented by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes. April 13 – Dorothy Hodgkin publishes her first solo paper, on ...
1624 in science
Henry Briggs publishes Arithmetica Logarithmica. Edmund Gunter produces The description and use of sector, the cross-staffe, and other instruments for such as are studious of mathematical practise, notable for being published in English as a prac ...
1633 in science
June 22 – Galileo Galilei, the Italian scientist, is convicted of heresy by the Inquisition for his book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. He is sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life.
1649 in science
Frans van Schooten publishes the first Latin version of Rene Descartes La Geometrie. His commentary makes the work understandable to the broader mathematical community. The Latin version also includes Florimond de Beaunes Notes brieves, the first ...
1660 in science
November 28 – At Gresham College in London, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Robert Moray, meet after a lecture by Wren and resolve to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimental ...
1956 in science
Wesley K. Whitten reports developing eight-cell mouse ova to blastocyst stage in vitro. March – Denham Harman proposes the free-radical theory of aging.
1519 in science
"Miller Atlas" produced in Portugal. September 20 – Ferdinand Magellans fleet sets sail from Sanlucar de Barrameda to find a westabout route to Asia.
1654 in science
Sicilian astronomer Giovanni Battista Hodierna publishes De systemate orbis cometici, deque admirandis coeli characteribus including a catalog of comets and nebulae.
1688 in science
August 14 – Johann Leonhard Rost, German astronomer died 1727 January 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist and theologian died 1772 November 15 – Louis Bertrand Castel, French Jesuit mathematician and physicist died 1757 April 4 – Joseph-Ni ...
1705 in science
Edmond Halley, in his Synopsis Astronomia Cometicae, states that comets seen in 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 were actually a single comet and correctly predicts that it will return in 1758.
1706 in science
proposes using the symbol π the Greek letter pi, as an abbreviation for perimeter to represent the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. William Jones publishes Synopsis palmariorum matheseos or, A New Introduction to the Mathem ...
1711 in science
John Keill, writing in the journal of the Royal Society and with Isaac Newtons presumed blessing, accuses Gottfried Leibniz of having plagiarized Newtons calculus, formally starting the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy. Giovanni Ceva publi ...
1734 in science
Leonhard Euler introduces the integrating factor technique for solving first-order ordinary differential equations. George Berkeley publishes The Analyst, an empiricist critique of the foundations of infinitesimal calculus, influential in the dev ...
1742 in science
Colin Maclaurin publishes his Treatise on Fluxions in Great Britain, the first systematic exposition of Newtons methods. June – Christian Goldbach produces Goldbachs conjecture.
1743 in science
November 29 – Discovery of C/1743 X1, the Great Comet of 1744 sic., by Jan de Munck at Middelburg and subsequently by de Cheseaux and Klinkenberg.
1744 in science
Susanna Drurys illustrations of the Giants Causeway in northern Ireland are engraved by François Vivares in London 1743–4, bringing the rock formation to wide European notice.
1753 in science
June – Establishment in Florence of the Accademia dei Georgofili, the worlds oldest society devoted to agronomy and scientific agriculture. May 1 – Publication of Linnaeus Species Plantarum, the start of formal scientific classification of plants.
1773 in science
Lagrange presents his work on the secular equation of the Moon to the Academie française, introducing the idea of the potential of a body. He also publishes on the attraction of ellipsoids. October 13 – French astronomer Charles Messier discovers ...
1794 in science
Antonio Scarpa publishes Tabulae neurologicae ad illustrandam historiam cardiacorum nervorum, noni nervorum cerebri, glossopharingei et pharingei, the first work to give an accurate depiction of cardiac innervation, and to include the discovery t ...
1798 in science
The element beryllium is discovered by Louis Vauquelin as the oxide in beryl and in emeralds. Friedrich Wohler and A. A. Bussy independently isolate the metal in 1828 by reacting potassium and beryllium chloride.
1847 in science
July 1 – German amateur astronomer Karl Ludwig Hencke discovers asteroid 6 Hebe from Driesen. August 13 – English astronomer John Russell Hind discovers asteroid 7 Iris from London. October 18 – J. R. Hind discovers asteroid 8 Flora from London. ...
1923 in science
October 21 – First official public showing of a planetarium projector, a Zeiss model at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. June – Hermann Oberth publishes Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen "By Rocket into Planetary Space".
1955 in science
June – Fred Hoyle and Martin Schwarzschild describe the mechanism for the creation of red giant stars. December 14 – Annular solar eclipse. June 20 – Total solar eclipse of 7 min 8 sec duration, the longest between the 11th and 22nd centuries, vi ...
1505 in science
Bermuda is discovered by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermudez. Portuguese reach the Comoros archipelago. 1505 or 1506 – Portuguese explorer Gonçalo Alvares is the first to sight what will later be known as Gough Island.
1808 in science
John Dalton begins publication of A New System of Chemical Philosophy, explaining his atomic theory of chemistry and including a list of atomic weights. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac formulates the law of combining volumes for gases. Jons Jakob Berzeli ...
1723 in science
George Graham discovers diurnal variation in Earths magnetic field. Antoine de Jussieu publishes De lOrigine et des usages de la Pierre de Foudre on the origins of fossils, prehistoric stone tools and meteorites.
1751 in science
The globular cluster 47 Tucanae or 47 Tuc, visible with the unaided eye from the southern hemisphere, is discovered by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, who catalogues it in his list of southern nebulous objects: at a distance of 1 ...
1780 in science
Clement Joseph Tissot publishes Gymnastique medicinale et chirurgicale, ou, essai sur lutilite du mouvement, ou des differens exercices du corps, et du repos dans la cure des malades in Paris, the first text on the therapeutic benefits of physica ...
1813 in science
Charles Waterton begins the process of turning his estate at Walton Hall, West Yorkshire, England, into what is, in effect, the worlds first nature reserve. April – William Charles Wells reads a paper to the Royal Society of London making the fir ...
1854 in science
July 22 – Discovery of the asteroid 30 Urania by John Russell Hind. George Airy calculates the mean density of the Earth by measuring the gravity in a coal mine in South Shields.
1889 in science
Francis Galton publishes Natural Inheritance, a book which summarizes the results of a number of his papers and inspires Karl Pearson, Raphael Weldon and others to develop the mathematics and statistics of inheritance and biometry. Hugo de Vries ...
1921 in science
Etienne Bieler and James Chadwick publish a key paper on the strong interaction. Thomas Midgley discovers the effective anti-knocking properties of tetraethyllead, which is used in "leaded" gasoline petrol.
1973 in science
December 3 – Pioneer program: Pioneer 10 sends back the first close-up images of Jupiter. March 7 – Comet Kohoutek is discovered July 25 – Soviet Mars 5 space probe launched. May 14 – Skylab, the United States first space station, is launched. No ...
1989 in science
September 5 – Pluto–Charon barycentre comes to perihelion. 8084 Dallas is discovered. 6089 Izumi is discovered. Asteroid 5128 Wakabayashi is discovered by Masahiro Koishikawa. August 25 – The Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Nep ...
1997 in science
October 30 – First successful test flight of the ESAs Ariane 5 expendable launch system. August 25 – Launch of Explorer 71 of the Explorer program of spacecraft. February 27 – GRB 970228, a highly luminous flash of gamma rays, strikes the Earth f ...
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